Numerals

The numerals are listed in the appendix. Higher numbers are formed by combining elementary numerals as follows:

• 1 238 – mil du-cent tri-dek ok
• 153 837 – cent kvin-dek tri mil ok-cent tri-dek sep
• Addition: 8 + 3 = 11 – ok plus tri estas dek-unu
• Subtraction: 15 - 6 = 9 – dek-kvin minus ses estas naŭ

Accusative of Motion Towards

Esperanto prepositions are normally followed by the nominative case:

• post mi – after me
• sen ŝi – without her
• en domo – in a house

However, prepositions describing place may be followed by an accusative to show motion toward, e.g.

• Mi iras en la domon. – I am going into the house.
• (Compare: Ili manĝas en la domo. – They are eating in the house.)

Another example:

• La kato saltis sur la tablon. – The cat jumped onto the table.
• La kato saltis sur la tablo. – The cat jumped around on the table.

The pronoun oni

The indefinite pronoun oni means

• people (in general)
• they
• you.

Examples:

• Oni manĝas. – People are eating.
• Oni sidas. – People are sitting.

The reflexive pronoun si

The pronoun si (accusative *sin) refers back to the subject of the clause:

• himself
• herself
• itself
• themselves
• oneself

Examples:

• Li lavas sin. – He washes himself.
• Ŝi rigardas sin. – She looks at herself.
• Ili kantas al si. – They are singing to themselves.

si is used only in referring to a third-person subject. It is never itself the subject of a sentence. Compare:

• Mi rigardas min. – I look at myself.
• Ili rigardas sin. – They look at themselves.

The prefix re-

Like English "re-", it can mean either

• "again, a second time"
• or "back".

Examples:

• revidi – to see again
• redoni – to give back
• remeti – to put back, to replace